
Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) play a pivotal role in modern technology, driving innovations like AlphaGo and ChatGPT, and integrating them into consumer products like smartphones and autonomous vehicles. They excel in domains like computer vision and natural language processing, with applications in image recognition, speech synthesis, and recommendation systems3. Despite challenges in interpretability, DNNs continue to revolutionize industries and advance the capabilities of artificial intelligence.

Attention mechanisms in DNNs enhance interpretability by highlighting the importance of specific input features for model predictions. They provide insights into which parts of the input the model focuses on, allowing better understanding of its decision-making process. This aids in identifying crucial features and improving model performance through more informed decisions.

The neural capacitance metric assesses a model's generalization capability early in training, enhancing model selection efficiency across diverse benchmarks and datasets. It is derived from the dynamics of synaptic connections in neural networks and serves as a powerful indicator for choosing the best model based on early training results.