
Voice assistant errors can cause six potential harms: emotional harm, cultural or identity harm caused by microaggressions, relational harm leading to interpersonal conflict, unequal access to technology, extra effort required to make the technology work, and physical endangerment in high-stakes situations like medical transcription or auto navigation2.

Voice assistants have higher error rates for Black users, which can lead to negative psychological effects such as increased self-consciousness, lower self-esteem, and less favorable evaluations of the technology. These errors can be experienced as microaggressions, reinforcing marginalization and affecting users' sense of belonging.