
The main concerns with closed-source large language models include limited transparency, reduced customizability, potential vendor lock-in, higher costs, and reliance on the provider for updates and support124. These factors can restrict flexibility and control for enterprises, impacting their ability to tailor solutions to specific needs and maintain long-term independence146.

The synthetic data approach improves domain generalization in text-to-SQL models by combining strong data from powerful models to handle diverse queries and schemas, and weak data from smaller models to learn from errors019. This enhances the model's ability to generalize across various domains and improves robustness078.

The Spider benchmark focuses on diverse databases and complex SQL queries, while BIRD is tailored for real business problems, featuring varied databases, standardized query difficulties, and external knowledge138. BIRD presents a greater challenge, with larger performance gaps and a more comprehensive evaluation of LLM-based Text-to-SQL models034.