
The practical applications mentioned for the novel protocol structure in autonomous systems include:

The novel protocol structure described in the study differs from traditional consensus protocols used in multi-agent systems in several ways. Firstly, it uses a hyperbolic tangent function instead of the non-smooth saturation function used in traditional protocols. This allows for the guarantee of global and semi-global finite-time consensus for integrator and double integrator type systems, respectively. Additionally, the protocols enable the explicit calculation of an upper limit for settling time and a user-prescribed bounded control level for closed-loop systems. This makes them more practical and valuable for real-world applications. Furthermore, the hyperbolic tangent function avoids the need to determine input saturation for each agent, simplifying the design and stability analysis of the protocols.

The primary focus of the novel protocol structure developed by the team of researchers in the study published in the IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica is to achieve global and semi-global finite-time consensus for both leaderless and leader-following multi-agent systems3. This innovative protocol structure aims to improve control accuracy and stability in practical applications, such as autonomous drone fleets, coordinated control of robotic arms, and synchronized traffic light systems.