
The "duck curve" refers to the imbalance between electricity demand and solar energy production during the day, causing excess solar energy when demand is low and a rapid increase in conventional power plant production when demand peaks in the evening24. This phenomenon, visualized as a duck-shaped graph, presents challenges for grid operators and energy storage solutions.

California manages excess solar energy by exporting it to other states, curtailing solar production, and encouraging the use of energy storage systems such as batteries. The state is also working on expanding its transmission infrastructure and implementing regulatory changes to better integrate renewable energy sources.

Transmission lines are crucial for solar energy distribution as they carry electricity from solar power plants, often located in rural areas with abundant sunlight, to urban areas with high demand. These lines help overcome the challenges of moving large amounts of electricity over long distances, ensuring efficient and reliable distribution of clean energy.