
Sodium is a sustainable battery material because it is abundant, potentially reducing supply chains and lowering battery costs. Its use also reduces geopolitical risks and dependencies on specific regions for battery production4. Additionally, sodium-ion batteries can be made using materials from the forest industry, further increasing their sustainability.

Lithium is currently preferred in battery production due to its long-lasting, stable energy storage capabilities. It offers high energy density, making it ideal for applications such as electric vehicles and portable electronics. However, lithium is a finite resource, leading researchers to explore alternative materials for more sustainable battery production.